For decades, researchers around the world have searched for ways to use solar power to generate the key reaction for producing ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 as a clean energy source — splitting water molecules to form ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 and oxygen. However, such efforts have mostly failed because doing it well was too costly, and trying to do it at a low cost led to poor performance.
Now, researchers from The University of Texas at Austin have found a low-cost way to solve one half of the equation, using sunlight to efficiently split off oxygen molecules from water. The finding, published recently in Nature Communications, represents a step forward toward greater adoption of ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 as a key part of our energy infrastructure.
As early as the 1970s, researchers were investigating the possibility of using solar energy to generate ラーメンベット 入金反映時間. But the inability to find materials with the combination of properties needed for a device that can perform the key chemical reactions efficiently has kept it from becoming a mainstream method.
The team's experimental water-splitting apparatus.
“You need materials that are good at absorbing sunlight and, at the same time, don’t degrade while the water-splitting reactions take place,” said Edward Yu, a professor in the ラーメンベット 禁止ゲーム’s Department of Electrical and Computer ラーメンベット 入金反映時間. “It turns out materials that are good at absorbing sunlight tend to be unstable under the conditions required for the water-splitting reaction, while the materials that are stable tend to be poor absorbers of sunlight. These conflicting requirements drive you toward a seemingly inevitable tradeoff, but by combining multiple materials — one that efficiently absorbs sunlight, such as silicon, and another that provides good stability, such as silicon dioxide — into a single device, this conflict can be resolved.”
However, this creates another challenge — the electrons and holes created by absorption of sunlight in silicon must be able to move easily across the ラーメンベット 入金反映時間. This usually requires the ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 to be no more than a few nanometers, which reduces its effectiveness in protecting the silicon absorber from degradation.
The key to this breakthrough came through a method of creating electrically conductive paths through a thick ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 that can be performed at low cost and scaled to high manufacturing volumes. To get there, Yu and his team used a technique first deployed in the manufacturing of semiconductor electronic chips. By coating the ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 with a thin film of aluminum and then heating the entire structure, arrays of nanoscale “spikes” of aluminum that completely bridge the ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 are formed. These can then easily be replaced by nickel or other materials that help catalyze the water-splitting reactions.
When illuminated by sunlight, the devices can efficiently oxidize water to form oxygen molecules while also generating ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 at a separate electrode and exhibit outstanding stability under extended operation. Because the techniques employed to create these devices are commonly used in manufacturing of semiconductor electronics, they should be easy to scale for mass production.
The team has filed a provisional patent application to commercialize the technology.
Improving the way ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 is generated is key to its emergence as a viable fuel source. Most ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 production today occurs through heating steam and methane, but that relies heavily on fossil fuels and produces carbon emissions.
There is a push toward "green ラーメンベット 入金反映時間" which uses more environmentally friendly methods to generate ラーメンベット 入金反映時間. And simplifying the water-splitting reaction is a key part of that effort.
ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 has potential to become an important renewable resource with some unique qualities. It already has a major role in significant industrial processes, and it is starting to show up in the automotive industry. Fuel cell batteries look promising in long-haul trucking, and ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 technology could be a boon to energy storage, with the ability to store excess wind and solar energy produced when conditions are ripe for them.
Going forward, the team will work to improve the efficiency of the oxygen portion of water-splitting by increasing the reaction rate. The researchers’ next major challenge is then to move on to the other half of the equation.
"We were able to address the oxygen side of the reaction first, which is the more challenging part, " Yu said, "but you need to perform both the ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 and oxygen evolution reactions to completely split the water molecules, so that's why our next step is to look at applying these ideas to make devices for the ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 portion of the reaction."
This ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 was funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation through the Directorate for Engineering and the Materials ラーメンベット 入金反映時間 Science and Engineering Centers (MRSEC) program. Yu worked on the project with UT Austin students Soonil Lee and Alex De Palma, along with Li Ji, a professor at Fudan University in China.
